Oral cancer is cancer that develops in the tissues of the mouth or throat. It belongs to a larger group of cancers called head and neck cancers. Most develop in the squamous cells found in your mouth, tongue, and lips.

Types of oral cancers

• Lips
• Tongue
• Inner lining of the cheek
• Gums
• Floor of the mouth
• Hard and soft palate

Risk factors

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
• Chronic facial sun exposure
• A previous diagnosis of oral cancer
• A family history of oral or other types of cancer
• A weakened immune system
• Poor nutrition
• Genetic syndromes
• Being male

Symptoms

• A sore on your lip or mouth that won’t heal
• A mass or growth anywhere in your mouth
• Bleeding from your mouth
• Loose teeth
• Pain or difficulty swallowing
• Trouble wearing dentures
• A lump in your neck
• An earache that won’t go away
• Dramatic weight loss
• Lower lip, face, neck, or chin numbness
• White, red and white, or red patches in or on your mouth or lips
• A sore throat
• Jaw pain or stiffness
• Tongue pain

Diagnosis

• X-rays to see if cancer cells have spread to the jaw, chest, or lungs
• A CT scan to reveal any tumors in your mouth, throat, neck, lungs, or elsewhere in your body
• A PET scan to determine if the cancer has traveled to lymph nodes or other organs
• A MRI scan to show a more accurate image of the head and neck, and determine the extent or stage of the cancer
• An endoscopy to examine the nasal passages, sinuses, inner throat, windpipe, and trachea

Stages

There are four stages of oral cancer.

• Stage 1: The tumor is 2 centimeters (cm) or smaller, and the cancer hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes.
• Stage 2: The tumor is between 2-4 cm, and cancer cells haven’t spread to the lymph nodes.
• Stage 3: The tumor is either larger than 4 cm and hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes, or is any size and has spread to one lymph node, but not to other parts of the body.
• Stage 4: Tumors are any size and the cancer cells have spread to nearby tissues, the lymph nodes, or other parts of the body.

Treatment

• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted therapy
• Nutrition
• Keeping your mouth healthy

Conclusion

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Media Contact:
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Assistant Managing Editor
Journal of Molecular Oncology Research
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